Roma inclusion is smart economics for Romania. With an ageing population and a young and growing Roma minority, Romania cannot afford to leave Roma children and youth and their families behind. This report discusses what it would take for Romania to achieve the socioeconomic inclusion of its Roma population. After a brief look at Romania’s demographic and labor market challenges, the report identifies the most important socioeconomic achievement gaps of Romanian Roma. Next, it identifies obstacles to Roma inclusion and examines the relevant institutional framework. Finally, it draws policy recommendations based on the observed gaps in outcomes and policies,informed by evidence on what works from international experience. These recommendations focus on providing support and enhancing opportunities for the next generation of Roma while helping to improve the living conditions of the current gene ration. This report is a summary of a more comprehensive study titled “Diagnostics and Policy Advice for Roma Inclusion in Romania”:http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/eca/romania/Out… The study relies primarily on data from the Regional Roma Survey (RRS) carried out in 2011 by the United Nations Development Programme, the World Bank, and the European Commission. The RRS is the most comprehensive household survey effort to date to capture the situation of Roma in Romania and compare it to that of non-Roma. The survey data support comprehensive diagnostics that draw comparisons between Roma households , their non-Roma neighbors, and the Romanian population as a whole. This study also draws on qualitative information collected through field visits and through focus groups and interviews with key stakeholders, including civil society actors, representatives of Roma communities, Romanian academics, and Romanian government officials. In addition, it benefited from comments and information provided by representatives of Romanian civil society, academia, and government agencies in the course of three consultations over the course of 2013. .